This study describes protein model of type II Pseudomonas putida GPo1 synthase (PhaC1(pp)) and using single or multiple points mutagenesis to identify the beneficial amino acid residues that change the PHA accumulation and the substrate chain-length specificity of type II PHA synthase. The P. putida GPp104 PHA(-) was used as a host for evaluating the substrate specificity and PHA yield of the mutated PhaC1(pp). The evolved PhaC1(pp) were coexpressed with beta-ketothiolase (phbA(Re)) and the acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phbB(Re)) to supply sufficient short-chain length (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA as a substrate. A single point mutation at L484V remarkably enhanced the monomer ratio of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in a PHA accumulation experiment. Saturation mutagenesis experiment at 484 concluded that Val is the most favorable amino acid in PhaC1(pp) for incorporating (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate unit synthesis. In addition, a single mutation at Q481 M, S482G and A547V obviously increased PHA yields. Q481M and S482G enhanced the (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate monomer composition in the PHA accumulation by P.putida GPp104PHA(-). This is the first data that spotlighted the important effect of Leu484 on substrate specificity of PHA synthase and A1a547 on the PHA accumulation. (c) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.