Environmentally benign modern bioenergy is widely acknowledged as a potential substitute for fossil fuels to offset the human dependence on fossil fuels for energy. We have profiled Cameroon, a country where modern bioenergy remains largely untapped due to a lack of availability of biomass data and gaps in existing policies. This study assessed the biomass resource potential in Cameroon from sustainably extracted agricultural and forest residues. We estimated that environmentally benign residues amount to 1.11 million bone dry tons per year. This has the potential to yield 0.12-0.32 billion liters of ethanol annually to displace 18-48% of the national consumption of gasoline. Alternatively, the residues could provide 0.08-0.22 billion liters of biomass to Fischer Tropsch diesel annually to offset 17-45% of diesel fuel use. For the generation of bioelectricity, the residues could supply 0.76-2.02 TW h, which is the equivalent of 15-38% of Cameroon's current electricity consumption. This. could help spread electricity throughout the country, especially in farming communities where the residues are plentiful. The residues could, however, offset only 3% of the national consumption of traditional biomass (woodfuel and charcoal). Policy recommendations that promote the wider uptake of modern bioenergy applications from residues are provided. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.