화학공학소재연구정보센터
Energy & Fuels, Vol.27, No.11, 6518-6527, 2013
Propagation of Interfacially Active Carbon Nanohybrids in Porous Media
Interfacially active carbon nanotube hybrids (nanohybrids) exhibit promising properties for potential applications in reservoir systems. They could be used as modifiers of transport properties as well as nanoscale vehicles for catalyst and contrast agents. In situ catalysis might be used to modify interfacial tension and wettability of the rock wall. The main requirements for any of these applications are the ability to form stable dispersions and to effectively propagate through the reservoir porous medium under the temperature and salinity conditions that are typical in commercial operations. In this work, suspensions of purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWNTs) in deionized water and high-salinity brine have been prepared using two commercially available polymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC-10). Stable dispersions were put in contact with crushed Berea sandstone, quantifying the amount of nanotubes lost from suspension to estimate the adsorption of these nanotubes from suspension onto the walls of the reservoir rocks. Adsorption isotherms were measured from room temperature up to 80 degrees C from aqueous suspensions with salinities up to 10%. These studies demonstrate that combining these two polymers stabilizes suspensions in high-salinity water and minimizes adsorption on the sand walls. It is proposed that this optimized behavior is due to additive electrostatic and steric repulsions. While the polar PVP helps disaggregation by effectively wrapping individual nanotubes (primary dispersant), the bulky HEC-10 inhibits the reaggregation in saline solutions (secondary dispersant). Column experiments were conducted to study the propagation of these suspensions through porous media. It was found that a small amount of nanohybrids adsorbed to the sand will be able to saturate available adsorption sites, resulting in subsequent injections of nanohybrids to be propagated completely through the column without adsorption. In that sense, we were able to reach 100% of the injected concentration with a low particle concentration of 100 ppm and total particle adsorption to the sand of less than 10% at room temperature.