This work is dedicated to application of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technology for production of highly effective diesel-fuel hydrofining catalysts. Because of the peculiarities of the structure of the active components formed at high temperatures, these catalysts can be used both without supports and in a blend with conventionally formed catalysts on supports. The synthesized catalysts are several times more effective than conventional GO-70 catalysts, and maintain the residual sulfur content at the 30-35 ppm level. It is shown that a maximally optimal nanostructured system distinguished by a highly developed surface, and, consequently, maximum number of active catalysis centers is formed in the catalyst-synthesis process in a thermocentrifuge at an excess load of 80 g. This ensures maximum desulfurization of the feedstock.