Recessed indium tin oxide films were prepared to serve as anodes for enhancing light extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The power efficiency of OLEDs with the proposed films was enhanced by up to 28%. This improvement can be attributed to enhanced light extraction due to the wall effect and the bottom scattering effect of the recesses. The power efficiency increased with recess depth but was limited by the accompanying high electrical resistivity and large optical loss. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.