Nanostructured Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 particles have been synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis method using a layered titanate H1.07Ti1.73O4 center dot nH(2)O as a Ti precursor. The obtained Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 particles showed different morphologies including plate-like, wire-like, and cubic-like structures in different hydrothermal conditions. The effect of the NaOH concentration on the growth and morphology evolution of hydrothermally derived Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 powders were investigated. It was found that alkaline concentration had a great effect on the phase and morphology of the resultant powders. The dissolution-recrystallization and in situ topotactic transformation mechanisms were suggested in different alkaline concentrations according to the evolution process.