Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol.58, No.1, 158-167, 2011
Solid-state supercritical CO2 foaming of PCL and PCL-HA nano-composite: Effect of composition, thermal history and foaming process on foam pore structure
In this work we investigated the solid-state supercritical CO2 (scCO(2)) foaming of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), a semi-crystalline, biodegradable polyester, and PCL loaded with 5 wt% of hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-particles. In order to investigate the effect of the thermal history and eventual residue of the crystalline phase on the pore structure of the foams, samples were subjected to three different cooling protocols from the melt, and subsequently foamed by using scCO(2) as blowing agent. The foaming process was performed in the 37-40 degrees C temperature range, melting point of PCL being 60 degrees C. The saturation pressure, in the range from 10 to 20 MPa, and the foaming time, from 2 to 900 s, were modulated in order to control the final morphology, porosity and pore structure of the foams and, possibly, to amplify the original differences among the different samples. The results of this study demonstrated that by the scCO(2) foaming it was possible to produce PCL and PCL-HA foams with homogeneous morphologies at relatively low temperatures. Furthermore, by the appropriate combination of materials properties and foaming parameters, we prepared foams with porosities in the 55-85% range, mean pore size from 40 to 250 mu m and pore density from 108 to 10(8) pore/cm(3). Finally, we also proposed a two-step depressurization foaming process for the design of bi-modal and highly interconnected foams suitable as scaffolds for tissue engineering. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.