Oil associates with fine mineral particles in an aqueous medium not only as molecules adsorbed onto mineral surfaces, but also as a discrete phase to form microscopic oil-mineral aggregates (OMA). As it promotes the dispersion of stranded oil, this process is now believed to be instrumental in the natural recovery of oiled shorelines and in the efficacy of spill countermeasure techniques such as surf-washing (relocation of oiled sediment into the zone of wave action). To predict the fate of residual oil following spills and the effectiveness of such countermeasures, an improved understanding of the nature and properties of OMA and of the factors influencing their formation is required. Laboratory protocols and microscopical methods have been refined for the detection and classification of OMA. Three OMA types have been identified: droplet, solid and flake aggregates. Droplet aggregates are oil droplets (usually a few in in diameter) surrounded by individual or flocculated mineral particles. Solid aggregates are mixed oil and mineral bodies of various shapes (scale of tens of pm). Flake aggregates are thin sheets that can reach the mm size range in which mineral and oil are arranged in an ordered configuration. The parameters controlling the quantity, type and size of OMA include mineral type and surface properties, quantity, viscosity and composition of the oil, and oil/mineral ratio. It is also evident that water turbulence (i.e. breaking waves, strong flood currents) greatly enhances OMA formation. Once formed, OMA appear to be very stable structures the buoyancy of which depends on the ratio of oil to mineral in each individual aggregate. OMA being on average less dense than mineral-only aggregates and even buoyant, they will be kept in suspension longer and be dispersed further than unoiled sediment. Mineral particles in OMA act as a surfactant preventing the oil from recoalescing. As OMA formation increases the surface to volume ratio of spilled oil, it prolongs and enhances oil weathering processes such as dissolution, evaporation and biodegradation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.