Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.94, No.9, 2857-2871, 2011
Synthesis and Characterization of Na2Ti6O13 Whiskers and their Transformation to (1-x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xBaTiO(3) Ceramics
In this paper we report the synthesis of monoclinic Na2Ti6O13 whiskers and their transformation to lead-free 0.93Na(1/2)Bi(1/2) TiO3-0.07BaTiO(3) (NBTBT) ceramics. Synthesis of Na2Ti6O13 templates was performed using molten salt synthesis method. These whiskers were further characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and HR-TEM for structural analysis. Tape-casting method was used to align the whiskers in base matrix powder and subjected to various processing temperatures to elucidate the microstructure and texture evolution. For this, SEM, HR-TEM, AFM, and EDS analysis were used as principal tools. The sintering process can be understood by dividing it into three stages, namely (i) transformation of monoclinic whiskers in to NBTBT perovskite phase through topochemical reaction (<800 degrees C), (ii) localized sintering confined on single whisker (800 degrees-1050 degrees C), and (iii) liquid-phase sintering as densification and grain growth occurs in the whole matrix (>1050 degrees C). The concentric growth ledges observed on grain surfaces were found to be preferably confined on the corners of cubical grains indicating < 111 > growth direction. The Lotgering factor (f(100)) for the sintered matrix was found to decrease with increase in sintering temperature. The longitudinal piezoelectric constant (d(33)) of samples sintered for 20 h at 1175 degrees, 1200 degrees, and 1225 degrees C was measured to be similar to 153, similar to 216, and similar to 180 pC/N, respectively.