Mesoporous borosilicate bioactive glass nanofibers consisting of a network of interconnected macropores and mesopores were developed using electrospinning technology combined with a polymer/surfactant cotemplate. The morphology and structure of the nanofibrous scaffolds were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The morphology and mesoporous structure of the borosilicate glass nanofibers can be adjusted by altering the concentrations of the glass precursor solution and surfactant. The in vitro bioactivity of the bioglass nanofibers was investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid. Results from these experiments suggested that the mesoporous borosilicate glass nanofibrous scaffold had great potential for bone regeneration because it promoted the rapid growth of hydroxyapatite crystals.